Парс мацӀ
Парс | |
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فارسی (фāрси), форсӣ (фарси) | |
![]() Фарси абураб рагІи, настагІликъ хатІалда хъвараб) | |
Абулеб къагІида |
[[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипба|[fɒːɾˈsiː]]] (![]() |
Территория |
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КІалъалезул къадар |
70 миллион[7] (кинавниги 110 млн)[6] |
Цересел формаби |
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Стандартиял формаби |
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Диалектал | |
Расмияб статус | |
Расмияблъун бугеб бакІ |
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Рекъезабулеб гІуцІи |
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МацІалъул кодал | |
ISO 639-1 |
fa |
ISO 639-2 |
per (B) fas (T) |
ISO 639-3 |
fas – inclusive codeIndividual codes: pes – Ираналъул парс мацІprs – Дари мацІtgk – Таджик макІaiq – Аймакъ сверелbhh – Бухори сверелhaz – Гьазараги сверелjpr – ЖугьутІгин парс мацІphv – Пагьлаваниdeh – Дегьвариjdt – ЖугьутІгин тат мацІttt – Кавказалъул тат |
Глоттолог |
fars1254 [9] |
Лингвосфера |
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![]() Парс мацІ тІоцебесеб мацІлъул бугеб территория (сверелалги гъорлъе рачун) |
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![]() Парс лингвосфера. Легенда Расмияб мацІ КІалъалезул къадар 1 000 000-алдаса цІикІкІараб КІалъалезул къадар 500 000–1 000 000 гьоркьоб КІалъалезул къадар 100 000 – 500 000 гьоркьоб КІалъалезул къадар 25 000 – 100 000 гьоркьоб КІалъалезул къадар 25 000 / гьечІо |
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Гьаб макъалаялда руго ХФА-лъул ишараби. Визуализациялъе къварегІараб кумек[en] гьечІони, Юникодалъул ишарабазул бакІазда рихьизаризе бегьула гьикъул ишараби, ункъбокІонал яги цогидал ишараби[en]. ХФА-лъул ишарабазул байбихьул малъа-хъваязухъ балагье Справка:ХФА[en]. |
Парс, Парси, ялъуни жиндирго эндонималдалда Фарси (فارسی, Fārsī, [[Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипба|[fɒːɾˈsiː]]] ( listen)) буго Гьиндгин европаялъулал мацӀазул Гьиндгин ираналъулаб гӀаркьелалъул ираналъулал мацӀазул жиб кколеб бакътӀерхьул ираналъулаб мацӀ. Парс мацӀ ккола плюрицентрикияб мацӀлъун, жиб аслияб къагӀидаялъ кӀалъалеб мацӀ хӀисабалдаги бугеб, расмияб къагӀидаялда жибги Ираналдаги Афгъанистаналдаги Таджикистаналдаги хӀалтӀизабулеб, гьебги буго гьоркьоб бичӀчӀиги бугеб лъабго стандартияб варианталда: Ираналъул парс, Дари парс (1958 соналдаса нахъе расмияб цӀар буго Дари)[10] ва Таджик парс (Совет заманалдаса нахъе расмияб цӀар Таджик).[11] Гьелда кӀалъала Узбекистаналда ругел таджикалги,[12][13][14] гьединго гьеб мацӀ хӀалтӀизабула КӀудияб Ираналъул тарихияб ва маданияб сфераялде кколел территорияздаги. Парс мацӀалъе хӀалтӀизабулеб расмияб хъвай-хъвагӀи буго гӀараб аслуялда бугеб парс алипба Ираналдаги Афгъанистаналдаги ва кириллица Таджикистаналда.
Парс мацӀ ккола давамлъун гьоркьохъеб парс мацӀалъул, жибги Сасаниязул мпериялъул (224–651) динияб ва адабияталъул мацӀлъун букӀараб, ахирисеб ккола жиб Ахемениязул империялда (550–330 н. щ.) хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀараб некӀсияб парс мацІалъул давамлъун.[15][16] Гьеб мацӀалъул байбихьи буго Ираналъул жанубиябгин бакътӀрхьуда бугеб Парс икълималдаса.[17] Грамматика гьелъул буго гӀемерисел европаялъулал мацӀазулазда релълъараб.[18]
Тарихалда жаниб, Парс мацӀ букӀана къадру бугеб маданияб мацӀлъун, жибги БакътӀерхьул Азиялдаги, Жанубияб Азиялдаги Гьоркьохъеб Азиялдаги рукӀарал империяз хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀараб.[19] НекӀсияб парс мацӀалъул хъвай-хъвагӀаби рихьизарун руго нилъеде щвелалде VӀ ва ӀV гӀасрабазда гьоркьоб заманалда некӀсияб парс лъутӀхъваялда гьарурал хӀалтӀабаз, гьоркьохъеб парс мацӀалъул адабият бихьизабун буго арамеял (пагьлави ваминихеяб) хъвай-хъвагӀабазги, Парфиялъул империялъул заманалда жал гьарурал, ва гьединго руго ӀӀӀ ва X гӀасрабазда гьоркьоб заманалда хъварал мажусазул тӀахьаздаги. ЦӀияб парс адабият тӀегьазе байбихьана гӀарабаз Иран кверде босун хадуб, гьелдаса байбихьун хъвай-хъвагӀи бачуна гӀарабалде, гьелъул бищун цересел хъвай-хъвагӀаби ратун руго ӀX гӀасруялда гьарурал.[20] Парс мацӀ лъугьуна Исламалъул дуняллалда гӀараб мацӀалъул гӀадаб цӀикӀкӀараб кӀвар бугеб мацӀлъун.[19] Парс мацӀалда поэзия хъвай тӀибитӀараб жо букӀана гӀемерал бакъбаккул пачалъиязда.[10] Гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазул парс адабияталъул бищун машгьурал хӀалтӀаби ккола Фирдавсил Шагьнамегь, Румил хӀалтӀаби, ГӀумар ХӀаямил Рубаят, Низамил Панж Ганж, ХӀафизил Диван, Аттар Нишапурил ХӀанчӀазул мантӀикъ ва СагӀади Ширазиясул Гулистан ва Бустан мажмугӀ.
Парс мацӀалъ цӀакъ кӀудияб асар гьабуна мадугьалихъ рукӀарал мацӀазе: ираналъулал, тюрк, армен, гьиндгин ариян, кавказалъул, гьенибго гъорлъ авар мацӀги. ГӀемерал рагӀаби руго авар мацӀалда парс мацӀалдаса рачӀарал. Гьединго цо асар букӀана гӀараб мацӀалдеги,[21] гьелъул гӀемерал рагӀаби рачӀана парс мацӀалде гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазда гӀараб кверщел бугем мехалъ.[15][18][22][23][24][25] Парс мацӀ бюрократиялъе расмияблъун бищун букӀана гьеб рахьдалаблъун жидее кколеб букӀинчӀезги, мисалалъе, ГӀусманияб империялда турказ,[26] яги Афгъанистаналда пуштуназ.
Дунялалда парс мацӀалда кӀалъалезул къадар бахуна 110 миллионалде, гьенир гъорлъе уна парисал, афгъанал, таджикал, гьазарал, Кавказалъул татал ва аймакъал. "Персофон" абураб термин хӀалтӀизабизе бегьула парс мацӀалда кӀалъалезе.[27][28]
Классификация[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
Парс мацӀ ккола гьиндгин европаялъулал мацӀазул гьиндгин ираналъулаб гӀаркьелалъул ираналъулаб къоялъул бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀазул цояблъун. Жалго бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал рикьула кӀиго гъоркькъокъаялде: жанубиябгин бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал, жиндир бищун тӀибитӀараблъун парс мацӀ кколеб, ва шималиябгин бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал, жиндир бищун тӀибитӀараблъун курд мацӀ бугеб[29].
Фонология[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
Ираналъулаб парс мацӀалда буго анлъго рагьарабги къоло лъабго рагьукъабги гьаракь.
Рагьарал[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
Тарихияб рахъалъ, парс мацӀалда рагьарал ратӀа гьарулаан халалъиялдалъун. Цебесеб цӀияб парс мацӀалда букӀана щуго халатаб рагьараб (/iː/, /uː/, /ɒː/, /oː/, /eː/) ва лъабго къокъаб рагьараб /æ/, /i/ ва /u/. XVӀ гӀасруялдехун гьанжесеб Ираналъул гӀаммаб икълимлъиялда, /eː/ ва/iː/ лъугьана /iː/ гьаракьлъун, /oː/ ва/uː/ лъугьана /uː/ гьаракьлъун. Гьединлъидал,басриял شیر shēr "гъалбацӀ" vs. شیر shīr "рахь", زود zūd "хехаб" vs زور zōr "къуватаб" гӀадал контрастал тӀагӀун руго. Амма гьеб асасалъул руго гьоркьосарахъиялги, ва цо-цо рагӀабазулъ ē ва ō гьаракь сверула /iː/ ва /uː/ гьаракьалде гурел, [eɪ] яги [oʊ] дифтонгазде (жал цебесеб цӀия парс мацалда рукӀарал [æɪ] ва [æʊ] дифтонгаздаса лъугьарал. Гьединал гьркьосарахъиязул мисал батизе бегьула روشن [roʊʃæn] (гвангъараб) гӀадал рагӀабазулъ.
Гьединго бл.[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
ХІужаби[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher (eds.). Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3.
- ↑ "IRAQ", Encyclopædia Iranica, <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq>. Проверено 7 Ноябрь 2014.
- ↑ Tajiks in Turkmenistan.
- ↑ Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina (2004). Islam in Post-Soviet Russia. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-203-21769-6.
Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds.
CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - ↑ Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkin, Lev (1996). An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-29315-3.
The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)
CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
- ↑ Persian | Department of Asian Studies (en-US). — «There are numerous reasons to study Persian: for one thing, Persian is an important language of the Middle East and Central Asia, spoken by approximately 70 million native speakers and roughly 110 million people worldwide.»
- ↑ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the lingua franca of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Farsic-Caucasian Tat". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Olesen, Asta (1995). Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. 3. Psychology Press. p. 205.
There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.
- ↑ Baker, Mona (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2.
All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - ↑ Foltz, Richard (1996). «The Tajiks of Uzbekistan». Central Asian Survey 15 (2): 213–216. DOI:10.1080/02634939608400946.
- ↑ Jonson, Lena (2006). Tajikistan in the new Central Asia. p. 108.
- ↑ Cordell, Karl (1998). Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 0415173124.
Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Lazard, Gilbert (1975), "The Rise of the New Persian Language", in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 595–632
- ↑ Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912.
The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).
- ↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006), "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts", Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. XIII, pp. 344–377, <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts>
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Davis, Richard (2006), "Persian", in Meri, Josef W. & Bacharach, Jere L., Medieval Islamic Civilization, Taylor & Francis, pp. 602–603
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015), "Persian literature", Encyclopædia Britannica, <https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature>
- ↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor, "Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation", Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. XIII, pp. 348–366, <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation>. Проверено 30 Декабрь 2012.
- ↑ Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. p. XXX. ISBN 90-04-10763-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ↑ Lazard, Gilbert (1971), "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa", in Frye, R.N., Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press
- ↑ Namazi, Nushin Persian Loan Words in Arabic (24 November 2008). Проверено 1 Июнь 2009.
- ↑ Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. p. 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2.
Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.
- ↑ Lambton, Ann K. S. (1953). Persian grammar. Cambridge University Press.
The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.
- ↑ Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. ISBN 9781315511078.
- ↑ Perry, John R. (2005). A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies. 2. Boston: Brill. p. 284. ISBN 90-04-14323-8.
- ↑ Green, Nile (2012). Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780199088751.
- ↑ Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 523–546. ISBN 978-0-19-506511-4.
ГІаммал иццал[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
- Kuhrt, A. (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01694-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran. C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-09397-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies. ISBN 978-0-7286-0314-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- B. A. Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 1–569. ISBN 9789231032110.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
ЦІалиялъе[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
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- Delshad, Farshid (September 2007). Anthologia Persica. Logos Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8325-1620-8.
- Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1880). The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 558. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
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- Forbes, Duncan (1876). A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations. W.H. Allen. p. 238. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- Forbes, Duncan (1869). A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations (4 ed.). W.H. Allen & co. p. 238. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- Ibrâhîm, Muḥammad (1841). A grammar of the Persian language. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
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- Jones, Sir William (1828). Samuel Lee (ed.). A grammar of the Persian language (9 ed.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co. p. 283. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- Lazard, Gilbert (January 2006). Grammaire du persan contemporain. Institut Français de Recherche en Iran. ISBN 978-2909961378.
- Lumsden, Matthew (1810). A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion etc. Watley. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
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- Palmer, Edward Henry (1883). Guy Le Strange (ed.). A concise dictionary, English-Persian; together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Completed and ed. by G. Le Strange. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- Palmer, Edward Henry (1883). Guy Le Strange (ed.). A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Trübner. p. 42. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
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- Ranking, George Speirs Alexander (1907). A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax. The Claredon Press. p. 72. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
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КъватІисел мугъчІваял[хисизабизе | вики-текст хисизабизе]
Ингилис мацӀалда
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Persian мацІалда Википедия, эркенаб энциклопедия |
- Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website
- Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website
- Persian language Resources
- Persian Language Resources, parstimes.com
- Persian language tutorial books for beginners
- Haim, Soleiman. New Persian-English dictionary. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934—1936. uchicago.edu
- Steingass, Francis Joseph. A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
- UCLA Language Materials Project: Persian, ucla.edu
- How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti, Persian Graffiti
- Basic Persian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
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