Гъоркьияб бакьулӀеб гургинлъичӀеб рагьараб
| Гъоркьияб бакьулӀеб гургинлъичӀеб рагьараб | |
|---|---|
| ä | |
| a̠ | |
| ɐ̞ | |
| ɑ̈ | |
| ИФА номер | 304 415 |
| Аудио | |
| Кодификация | |
| Рижа (децимал) | ä |
| Юникод (hex) | U+0061 U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA | a_" яги a_- яги 6_o яги A_" |
| ИФА: Рагьарал | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Легенда: гургинлъичӀел • гургинлъарал |
Гъоркьияб борхиялъул гьоркьохъеб кьералъул лабиаллъичӀеб рагьараб яги рагьараб гьоркьохъеб лабиаллъичӀеб рагьараб ккола цо-цо мацӀазда жиб хӀалтӀизабулеб рагьараб гьаракьлъун. Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипбаялда расмияб хӀалалъ цебесеб [a] гьаракьалдаги нахъисеб [ɑ] гьаракьалдаги гьоркьоб бугеб гьаракь бихьизабизе хасаб ишара гьечӀолъиялъ, гӀемерисеб хъвала ⟨a⟩. Дагьабги цӀикӀкӀун дуруслъи къварегӀани, гьеб гьаракь баян гьабизе бегьула гьоркьохъеб ⟨ä⟩ яги нахъисеб ⟨a̠⟩ гӀадал диакритикиял ишарабазул кумекалдалъун, гьам гьел гӀемерисел хӀалтӀизаруларо. Синологаз альтернатива хӀисабалда хӀалтӀизабизе бегьула ⟨ᴀ⟩ (гьитӀинаб бетӀераб А). ХФА-ялда гьеб ишара тасдикъ гьабиялде данде гьаракь кьуна 2011—2012 соназда[1].
Акустикияб рахъалъ [ä] ккола цӀакъго гъоркьияб централияб рагьараблъун. ГӀемерисеб хӀалтӀизабула гӀадтаб [a], ва цӀакъго хӀажалъани, гъоркьяб цебесеб рагьаралъе хӀалӀизабула [æ] (расмияб хӀалалъ, гьеб ккола гъоркье гӀараб борхиялъул цебесеб кьералъул лабиаллъичӀеб рагьараб)
Хаслъалаби
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- Гъоркьияб борхиялъул рагьараб, ай мацӀ хвенхидаса кӀванагӀан рикӀкӀад (кӀалди "бегун") букӀунеб
- Гьоркьохъеб кьералъул рагьараб, яй мацӀалъул позиция цебесеб ва нахъисеб кьеразда гьоркьоб букӀунеб.
- ЛабиаллъичӀеб, ай жиб абулаго кӀутӀби гургинлъун цебе цутӀуларел
Мисалал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]ГӀемерисел мацӀазул буго цо-цо форма гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиаллъичӀеб рагьарабгун. ХФА-ялъ гъоркьияб борхиялъул цебесел ва гьоркьохъел рагьаразе ⟨a⟩ хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀиналъ, цо хасаб мацӀалда тӀоцебесеб яги кӀиабилеб вариант хӀалтӀизабиялъул бичӀчӀунгутӀи букӀуна.
ХӀужжаби
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Библиография
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with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart.
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