Перейти к содержанию

Гъоркьияб бакьулӀеб гургинлъичӀеб рагьараб

Википедия — эркенаб энциклопедия сайталдасан материал
Гъоркьияб бакьулӀеб гургинлъичӀеб рагьараб
ä
ɐ̞
ɑ̈
ИФА номер304 415
Аудио
Кодификация
Рижа (децимал)ä
Юникод (hex)U+0061U+0308
X-SAMPAa_" яги a_- яги 6_o яги A_"

Гъоркьияб борхиялъул гьоркьохъеб кьералъул лабиаллъичІеб рагьараб яги рагьараб гьоркьохъеб лабиаллъичІеб рагьараб ккола цо-цо мацІазда жиб хІалтІизабулеб рагьараб гьаракьлъун. Халкъаздагьоркьосеб фонетикияб алипбаялда расмияб хІалалъ цебесеб [a] гьаракьалдаги нахъисеб [ɑ] гьаракьалдаги гьоркьоб бугеб гьаракь бихьизабизе хасаб ишара гьечІолъиялъ, гІемерисеб хъвала a. Дагьабги цІикІкІун дуруслъи къварегІани, гьеб гьаракь баян гьабизе бегьула гьоркьохъеб ä яги нахъисеб гІадал диакритикиял ишарабазул кумекалдалъун, гьам гьел гІемерисел хІалтІизаруларо. Синологаз альтернатива хІисабалда хІалтІизабизе бегьула (гьитІинаб бетІераб А). ХФА-ялда гьеб ишара тасдикъ гьабиялде данде гьаракь кьуна 2011—2012 соназда[1].

Акустикияб рахъалъ [ä] ккола цІакъго гъоркьияб централияб рагьараблъун. ГІемерисеб хІалтІизабула гІадтаб [a], ва цІакъго хІажалъани, гъоркьяб цебесеб рагьаралъе хІалІизабула [æ] (расмияб хІалалъ, гьеб ккола гъоркье гІараб борхиялъул цебесеб кьералъул лабиаллъичІеб рагьараб)

ГІемерисел мацІазул буго цо-цо форма гъоркьияб борхиялъул лабиаллъичІеб рагьарабгун. ХФА-ялъ гъоркьияб борхиялъул цебесел ва гьоркьохъел рагьаразе a хІалтІизабулеб букІиналъ, цо хасаб мацІалда тІоцебесеб яги кІиабилеб вариант хІалтІизабиялъул бичІчІунгутІи букІуна.

  • Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", Ин Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (редл.), A handbook of varieties of English, Том 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, гьгь. 181–196, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
  • Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", Ин Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (редл.), A handbook of varieties of English, Том 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, гьгь. 351–366, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Bolander, Maria (2012), Funktionell svensk grammatik (3rd ред.), Liber AB, ISBN 978-91-47-10525-0
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ред.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-10340-5, Архивация оригинал (PDF), 2016-12-28, Щвей 2020-07-15 {{citation}}: Invalid |url-status=хвараб (help)
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013), Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ред.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, гьгь. 70–74
  • de Haan, Germen J. (2010), Hoekstra, Jarich; Visser, Willem; Jensma, Goffe (редл.), Studies in West Frisian Grammar: Selected Papers by Germen J. de Haan, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 978-90-272-5544-0
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (мацӀ: German) (7th ред.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-6357-8 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, гьгь. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Esling, John H.; Warkentyne, Henry J. (1993), "Retracting of /æ/ in Vancouver English", Ин Clarke, Sandra (ред.), Focus on Canada, Varieties of English Around the World, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1-55619-442-9
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006), Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía (мацӀ: галисийский), Vigo: A Nosa Terra, ISBN 978-84-8341-060-8
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-11494-3, Архивация оригинал (PDF), 26 November 2014, Щвей 2018-01-23 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help) Архивация 2014-11-26 Wayback Machine
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Gussmann, Edmund. Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic (en) // Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia : journal. — 2011. Vol. 12. P. 71—90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
  • Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
  • Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen, Архивация оригинал (PDF), 2016-03-21, Щвей 2020-07-15 {{citation}}: Invalid |url-status=хвараб (help)
  • Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Keating, Patricia A. (2012), "IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114, Архивация оригинал, 2012-11-11, Щвей 2018-01-23, with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Архивация 2012-11-11 Wayback Machine
  • Kerswill, Paul; Torgerson, Eivind; Fox, Sue (2006), "Innovation in inner‐London teenage speech", NWAV35, Columbus (PDF)
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, гьгь. 86–89, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19814-7
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ред.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, гьгь. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", Ин Mesthrie, Rajend (ред.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, гьгь. 96–99
  • Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sounds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-26536-2
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, гь. 37, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014), "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ред.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, гьгь. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", Ин Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (редл.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, гьгь. 593–685, ISBN 978-0-415-28078-5
  • Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5, Архивация оригинал, 2012-02-19, Щвей 2020-07-15
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
  • Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
  • Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
  • Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Том 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24225-8
  • Zee, Eric (1999), "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, гьгь. 58–60, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, гьгь. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, Архивация оригинал (PDF), 2018-07-25, Щвей 2020-07-15 {{citation}}: Invalid |url-status=хвараб (help)