Сасанилазул империя
империя | |||||
Сасанилазул империя | |||||
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пагьл. 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 Ērānšahr | |||||
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Тахшагьар |
Истагьр (224–226) Ктесифон (226–637) |
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МацӀ(ал) |
гьоркьохъеб парс (расмияб) арамеязул (лингва франка) парф мацӀ койне |
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Дин |
зороастризм (расмияб) маздакизм манихеизм кӀрестианлъи буддизм митраизм |
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ГӀатӀилъи | 3 500 000 км²[1] | ||||
Халкъ | 55 млн чи (625 с.) (Дунялалъул халкъалъул 18%) | ||||
ХӀакимлъиялъул форма | феодалияб монархия | ||||
Наслу | Сасаниды | ||||
Шагьиншагь | |||||
• 224–239 | Ардашир I (тӀоцевесев) | ||||
• 632–651 | Йездигерд III (ахирисев) | ||||
Тарих | |||||
• 28 април 224 | Хормозганалъул рагъ | ||||
• 230–628 | Румгин перс рагъал | ||||
• 526–532 | Ираналъулгин византиялъулаб рагъ (526—532) | ||||
• 602—628 | Ираналъулгин византиялъулаб рагъ (602—628) | ||||
• 628–632 | Сасанилазул ватӀанчилъияб рагъ (628–632) | ||||
• 633–654 | ГӀарабаз Парс бахъи | ||||
Ирс | |||||
← Парфиязул пачалихъ ← Иберия (парччахӀлъи) ← Кушан пачалъи ← КӀудияб Арменистан |
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Рашидаб халифат → Дабуилал → Баванди → Каренванилазул наслу → |
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Медиафайлал Викигъамасалда |
Сасанилал яги Сасанилазул империя, официалго Ираниязул империя хӀисабалда лъалеб (гьоркь. парс: 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 Ērānshahr/Эраншагьр),[a] ва гьединго жинда ЦӀияб Парс империя–йилан тарихчагӀаз абулеб,[2] — ахирисеб парс империялъулаб наслу бусурбабаз VII гӀасруялъул бащалъуда улка бахъилалде цебе букӀараб. Сасанилазул наслуялдаса цӀар бачӀараб гьеб пачалихъ букӀана ункънусго соналдаса цӀикӀкӀун заманалъ 224 соналдаса 651 соналде щвезегӀан, гьелъ гьебги ккола бищун гӀумру халатаб парс наслулъун.[3][4] Сасанилазул империялъ хисана Парфиязул империя ва ираниял рукӀахъинаруна суперкъуватлъун хадусеб антиклъиялда, жиндирго мадугьалихъаб тушман Румалъугин-Бизантиялъул Империяялда цадахъ бищун кутакаб пачалихъ хӀисабалда.[5][6][7]Халип:History of IranСасанилазул империялъе кьучӀ лъуна I Ардаширица, гье вукӀана локалияв ираниязул бетӀер, жив хӀакимлъуде вачӀарав Парфия жанисел къацандиязги Румалъулгун рагъазги загӀиплъидал. Парфиялъул ахирисев шагьиншагь Артабанус IV 224 соналъ Гьормоздганалъул рагъулъ къезавидал, гьес кьучӀ лъуна Сасанилазул пачалихъалъе ва Ираналъул ракьалги гӀатӀид гьарун Гьахаманилазул империялъул ирс букӀахъинабизе ният гьабуна. Жиндир гӀатӀилъиялъул ва къуваталъул завалалде Сасанилазул империялъ гъорлӀе рачунаан тӀабанго гьанжесел Иран ва ГӀиракъ, ва тӀибитӀараб букӀана бакъбаккул Ракьдагьоркьобралъадлъиялдаса (Анатолияги Мисриги гъорлӀе бачун) Пакистаналде щвезегӀан, жанубияб ГӀарабистаналъул бутӀаялдаса Кавказалде ва Гьоркьохъеб Азиялде щвезегӀан.
ЦӀар
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Тарих
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]ХӀукумат
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Мадугьалихъал пачалихъалгун хурхенал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]ЖамгӀият
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Маданият
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Экономика
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Дин
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]МацӀ
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Ирс ва кӀвар
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Хронология
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Ралагье гьединго
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]Баянал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- ^ Цитатинабиялъул гъалатӀ: Мекъаб тег
<ref>
; мурад баян гьабун хъвалебnative-name
-лъе текст бихьизабун гьечІо
ХӀужжаби
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Щвей 11 September 2016.
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(help) - ^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. Infobase Publishing. гь. 49. ISBN 978-0-8160-5767-2.
Historians have also referred to the Sassanian Empire as the Neo-Persian Empire.
- ^ (Wiesehofer 1996)
- ^ "A Brief History". Culture of Iran. Архивация оригинал (21 November 2001). Щвей 11 September 2009.
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(help) - ^ (Shapur Shahbazi 2005)
- ^ Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 ISBN 0827611552
- ^ International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 Sep. 2006 ISBN 075465740X
Библиография
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- G. Reza Garosi (2012): The Colossal Statue of Shapur I in the Context of Sasanian Sculptures. Publisher: Persian Heritage Foundation, New York.
- G. Reza Garosi (2009), Die Kolossal-Statue Šāpūrs I. im Kontext der sasanidischen Plastik. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, Germany.
- Baynes, Norman H. (1912), "The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem", The English Historical Review, 27 (106): 287–299, doi:10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287, ISSN 0013-8266
- Blockley, R.C. (1998), "Warfare and Diplomacy", Гъоркь: Averil Cameron; Peter Garnsey (редл.), The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30200-5
- Börm, Henning (2007), Prokop und die Perser. Untersuchungen zu den Römisch-Sasanidischen Kontakten in der ausgehenden Spätantike, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, ISBN 978-3-515-09052-0
- Börm, Henning (2008). "Das Königtum der Sasaniden - Strukturen und Probleme. Bemerkungen aus althistorischer Sicht." Klio 90, pp. 423ff.
- Börm, Henning (2010). "Herrscher und Eliten in der Spätantike." In: Henning Börm, Josef Wiesehöfer (eds.): Commutatio et contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East. Düsseldorf: Wellem, pp. 159ff.
- Börm, Henning (2016). "A Threat or a Blessing? The Sasanians and the Roman Empire". In: Carsten Binder, Henning Börm, Andreas Luther (eds.): Diwan. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Duisburg: Wellem, pp. 615ff.
- Халип:Cambridge History of Iran
- Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. гьл. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.
- Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš, Sasanian king of kings". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. гьл. 574–580.
- Daniel, Elton L. (2001), The History of Iran, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-30731-7
- Daryaee, Touraj (2008). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. гьл. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
- Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "Šāpur II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2016). From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran. H&S Media. гьл. 1–126. ISBN 9781780835778.
- Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "The Sasanian Empire". Гъоркь: Daryaee, Touraj (ред.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. гьл. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401.
- Халип:ODLA
- Халип:ODLA
- Daryaee, Touraj. "Yazdegerd II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.* Dodgeon, Michael H.; Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part I, 226-363 AD), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-00342-3
- Durant, Will, The Story of Civilization, Том 4: The Age of Faith, New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-21988-8
- Farrokh, Kaveh (2007), Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3 (хвараб регӀел)
- Frye, R.N. (1993), "The Political History of Iran under the Sassanians", Гъоркь: William Bayne Fisher; Ilya Gershevitch; Ehsan Yarshater; R. N. Frye; J. A. Boyle; Peter Jackson; Laurence Lockhart; Peter Avery; Gavin Hambly; Charles Melville (редл.), The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20092-X
- Frye, R.N. (2005), "The Sassanians", Гъоркь: Iorwerth Eiddon; Stephen Edwards (редл.), The Cambridge Ancient History - XII - The Crisis of Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30199-8
- Frye, R. N. "The reforms of Chosroes Anushirvan ('Of the Immortal soul')". fordham.edu/. Щвей 7 March 2020.
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(help) - Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-14687-9
- Haldon, John (1997), Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-31917-X
- Hourani, Albert (1991), A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, гьл. 9–11, 23, 27, 75, 87, 103, 453, ISBN 0-571-22664-7
- Howard-Johnston, James: "The Sasanian's Strategic Dilemma". In: Henning Börm - Josef Wiesehöfer (eds.), Commutatio et contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East, Wellem Verlag, Düsseldorf 2010, pp. 37–70.
- Hewsen, R. (1987). "Avarayr". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 1. гь. 32.
- Shaki, Mansour (1992). "Class system iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 6. гьл. 652–658.
- Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., редл. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5.
- McDonough, Scott (2011). "The Legs of the Throne: Kings, Elites, and Subjects in Sasanian Iran". Гъоркь: Arnason, Johann P.; Raaflaub, Kurt A. (редл.). The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. гьл. 290–321. doi:10.1002/9781444390186.ch13. ISBN 9781444390186.
- McDonough, Scott (2013). "Military and Society in Sasanian Iran". Гъоркь: Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (редл.). The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. гьл. 1–783. ISBN 9780195304657.
- Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1996), "Derafš-e Kāvīān", Encyclopedia Iranica, Том 7, Cosa Mesa: Mazda, Архивация оригинал (7 April 2008).
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(help) - Mackenzie, David Neil (2005), A Concise Pahalvi Dictionary (in персидский), Trans. by Mahshid Mirfakhraie, Tehrān: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, гь. 341, ISBN 964-426-076-7
- Neusner, Jacob (1969), A History of the Jews in Babylonia: The Age of Shapur II, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-02146-9
- Nicolle, David (1996), Sassanian Armies: the Iranian Empire Early 3rd to Mid-7th Centuries AD, Stockport: Montvert, ISBN 978-1-874101-08-6
- Rawlinson, George, The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World: The Seventh Monarchy: History of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire, IndyPublish.com, 2005 [1884].
- Sarfaraz, Ali Akbar, and Bahman Firuzmandi, Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani, Marlik, 1996. ISBN 964-90495-1-7
- Southern, Pat (2001), "Beyond the Eastern Frontiers", The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-23943-5
- Payne, Richard (2015b). "The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns". Гъоркь: Maas, Michael (ред.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. Cambridge University Press. гьл. 282–299. ISBN 978-1-107-63388-9.
- Parviz Marzban, Kholaseh Tarikhe Honar, Elmiv Farhangi, 2001. ISBN 964-445-177-5
- Potts, Daniel T. (2018). "Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier". Гъоркь: Mass, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola (редл.). Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. гьл. 1–538. ISBN 9781316146040.
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). "Kārin". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity". ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. гьл. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8. Халип:Registration required
- Sauer, Eberhard (2017). Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia. London and New York: Edinburgh University Press. гьл. 1–336. ISBN 9781474401029.
- Schindel, Nikolaus (2013a). "Kawād I i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. гьл. 136–141.
- Schindel, Nikolaus (2013b). "Kawād I ii. Coinage". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. гьл. 141–143.
- Schindel, Nikolaus (2013c). "Sasanian Coinage". Гъоркь: Potts, Daniel T. (ред.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199733309.
- Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
- Speck, Paul (1984), "Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance", Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4), Rudolf Halbelt, гьл. 175–210
- Stokvis A.M.H.J., Manuel d'Histoire, de Généalogie et de Chronologie de tous les Etats du Globe depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, Leiden, 1888–1893 (ré-édition en 1966 par B.M.Israel)
- Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (November 2004), East-West Orientation of Historical Empires (PDF), Архивация оригинал (PDF) (27 May 2008), Щвей 2008-05-02
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(help) - Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996), Ancient Persia, New York: I.B. Taurus
- Wiesehöfer, Josef: The Late Sasanian Near East. In: Chase Robinson (ed.), The New Cambridge History of Islam vol. 1. Cambridge 2010, pp. 98–152.
- Yarshater, Ehsan: The Cambridge History of Iran vol. 3 p. 1 Cambridge 1983, pp. 568–592.
- Zarinkoob, Abdolhossein (1999), Ruzgaran:Tarikh-i Iran Az Aghz ta Saqut Saltnat Pahlvi
- Халип:Cite EB1911
ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- Christensen, A (2 January 1939), "Sassanid Persia", Гъоркь: Cook, S. A. (ред.), The Cambridge Ancient History, Том XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery (A.D. 193–324), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-04494-4
{{citation}}
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(help) - Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu. The Roman Eastern frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363). Part 1. Routledge. London, 1994 ISBN 0-415-10317-7
- Howard-Johnston, J.D. (2006), East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-860-78992-6
- Labourt, J. Le Christianisme dans l'empire Perse, sous la Dynastie Sassanide (224-632). Paris: Librairie Victor Lecoffre, 1904.
- Oranskij, I. M. (1977), Les langues Iraniennes (translated by Joyce Blau) (in французский), Paris: Klincksieck, ISBN 978-2-252-01991-7
- Edward Thomas (1868), Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins, London: Trübner, гь. 137, Щвей 2011-07-05 (Original from the Bavarian State Library)
- Edward Thomas (1868), Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins, London: Trübner, гь. 137, Щвей 2011-07-05 (Original from the New York Public Library)
КъватӀисел регӀелал
[хисизабизе | код хисизабизе]- Sasanika: the History and Culture of Sasanians
- Sasanian rock reliefs, Photos from Iran, Livius Archived 2016-11-10 at the Wayback Machine.
- Sasanian Dynasty entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica
- The Sassanians The Sassanians by Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
- The Art of Sassanians, on Iran Chamber Society
- ECAI.org The Near East in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Empire Archived 2006-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
- Google Book on Roman Eastern Frontier (part 1)
- A Review of Sassanid Images and Inscriptions, on Iran Chamber Society
- Sassanid crowns Archived 2016-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Sassanid coins Archived 2016-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Sassanid textile Archived 2006-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Islamic Metalwork The continuation of Sassanid Art
- Sasanians in Africa in Transoxiana 4.
- Ctesiphon; The capital of the Parthian and the Sassanid empires, on Iran Chamber Society
- Islamic Conquest of Persia
- Pirooz in China, By Frank Wong
- The Sassanian Empire Archived 1 январ 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC – Radio 4 In Our Time programme (available as .ram file)
- The Sassanian Empire: Further Reading
- Iranologie History of Iran Chapter V: Sasanians
- History of Iran on Iran Chamber Society Archived 2006-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Livius articles on ancient Persia Archived 2017-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
- Richard Frye "The History of Ancient Iran" Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
- Iransaga: Persian arts through the centuries
- Christianity in Ancient Iran: Aba & The Church in Persia, on Iran Chamber Society
- iranchamber.com
- Страницы с ошибками в примечаниях
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- Сасанилазул империя
- Суперкъуватлъиял
- ГӀиракъалъул некӀсияб тарих
- Гъокьохъел гӀасрабузал ГӀиракъ
- НекӀсияб Анатолия
- ГъоркьогӀасрулъилъул Анатолиялда пачалихъал
- Абхазиялъул тарих
- Дагъистаналъул тарих
- Чоралъул тарих
- Гуржистаналъул некӀсияб тарих
- Гъокьохъел гӀасрабузал Гуржистан
- Афгъанистаналъул некӀсияб тарих
- Пакистаналъул некӀсияб тарих
- Гьоркьохъеб Азиялъул тарих
- НекӀсияб Сурия
- Шамалъул тарих
- Ираналъул империял ва парччахӀлъиял
- НекӀсияб Армения