Империализм

Мадагаскаралда паранс милитарияб штандарт чӀвалев парасн содатасул сурат,Паранс-гьова рагъазул мех.

Империализм буго къватӀисел нациябазда тӀад кверщел цӀуни ва гӀатӀид гьаби, бутӀаккун экспансионизмалдалъун, хъачӀаб къуваталдалъун (милитарияб ва экономикияб) ва гьединго тамахаб къуваталдалъун (дипломатикияб ва културияб империализм). Империализм буссун букӀуна гьегемония ва дагь яги цӀикӀкӀун формалаб империял лъеялде ва эб цӀуниялде.^[2]^[3]^[4] Колониализмалъул концепталда бухьараб букӀаниги, империализм ккола батӀаяб концепт, жиб экспансиялъул цогидал формабазеги нухмалъул гӀемерал формабазеги хӀалтӀизабизе бегьулеб.^[5]

Этимология

Империализм абураб рагӀул лӀугьин буго латин imperium рагӀудаса,^[6] жиндир магӀнаги "коммандизе", "суверенаб букӀине", яги "нухмалъизе" бугеб.^[7] Гьеб рагӀи тӀоцебе хӀалтӀизабуна 19леб гӀасруялда III Наполеонил деспотияб милитаризм ва къватӀисел милитариял интервенциябаздалъун политикияб кверчӀвай щвеялъе хӀалбихьи какун.^[8]^[9] Гьанжесеб магӀналда термин лӀугьана гӀаммаблъун КӀудияб Британиялда 1870лел соназда жаниб; 1880'лезде эб хӀалтӀизабулаан позитивияб коннотациялда.^[10] XIX гӀасрудул ахиралдехун, эб хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀана киналго мехазулги месазулги империязул рагъари бихьизабиялъе.^[11] Гьанна Арендтцаги Йозеф Шумпетерицаги империализмалъе баян кьуна экспансиялъе гӀоло экспансия абун.^[12]

Термин аслияб куцалъ гӀахьал гьабулаан ва гьабула БакътӀерхьулги Япониялъулги политикябги экономикиябги доминанлъуе, хасго Азиялдаги Африкалдаги, 19леб ва 20леб гӀасруялда. Элъул мухӀканаб магӀнаялда сверун жеги-жеи руго гӀалимзабазул дебатал. Цо-цо автораз, Эдвард СагӀид гӀадал, хӀалтӀизабула гьеб термин дагьабги гӀатӀидаб магӀнаялда, империалаб централдаги перифериялда сверухъ гӀуцӀараб доминациялъулги субординациялъул бокьараб системалда хурхинабун.^[13] Гьеб дефинициялъ гъорлӀе рачуна номиналал империяби гӀадин неоколониализмги.

Референсал

^ S. Gertrude Millin, Rhodes, London: 1933, p. 138
^ "Imperialism". www.britannica.com (мацӀ: английский). Щвей 2023-03-20. state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.
^ "imperialism". Щвей 22 фебруар 2019. ... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...
^ Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen; Ashcroft, Bill (2007). Post-colonial studies : the key concepts. London: Routledge. гь. 111. ISBN 978-0-203-93347-3. OCLC 244320058. In its most general sense, imperialism refers to the formation of an empire, and, as such, has been an aspect of all periods of history in which one nation has extended its domination over one or several neighbouring nations.
^ "Imperialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts | Britannica". Britannica.com (мацӀ: английский). 2023-07-04. Щвей 2023-08-25.
^ "Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, imperium (inp-)". Щвей 11 септембер 2016.
^ Howe, 13
^ Magnusson, Lars (1991). Teorier om imperialism (мацӀ: шведский). Tidens Förl. гь. 19. ISBN 978-91-550-3830-4.
^ Steinmetz, George, (2014). "Empires, Imperial States, and Colonial Societies," Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology, ed. Sasaki, Masamichi, (Leiden & Boston: Brill), p 59, http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geostein/docs/Steinmetz%202014%20Empires%20imperial%20states%20and%20colonies.pdf
^ Kumar, Krishan (2017). Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press), p 16, EISBN 978-1-4008-8491-9 https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10967.pdf
^ Sasaki 2014, p 59.
^ Knorr, Klaus (1952). Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Arendt, Hannah (редл.). "Theories of Imperialism". World Politics. 4 (3): 402–431. doi:10.2307/2009130. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 2009130. S2CID 145320143.
^ Edward W. Said. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Publishers, 1994. p. 9.

[1] S. Gertrude Millin, Rhodes, London: 1933, p. 138

[Britannica-2] "Imperialism". www.britannica.com (мацӀ: английский). Щвей 2023-03-20. state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent's foreign policy.

[3] "imperialism". Щвей 22 фебруар 2019. ... the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies ...

[Ashcroft_Griffiths_Tiffin_Ashcroft_2007_p.-4] Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen; Ashcroft, Bill (2007). Post-colonial studies : the key concepts. London: Routledge. гь. 111. ISBN 978-0-203-93347-3. OCLC 244320058. In its most general sense, imperialism refers to the formation of an empire, and, as such, has been an aspect of all periods of history in which one nation has extended its domination over one or several neighbouring nations.

[5] "Imperialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts | Britannica". Britannica.com (мацӀ: английский). 2023-07-04. Щвей 2023-08-25.

[6] "Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, imperium (inp-)". Щвей 11 септембер 2016.

[7] Howe, 13

[Magnusson-8] Magnusson, Lars (1991). Teorier om imperialism (мацӀ: шведский). Tidens Förl. гь. 19. ISBN 978-91-550-3830-4.

[9] Steinmetz, George, (2014). "Empires, Imperial States, and Colonial Societies," Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology, ed. Sasaki, Masamichi, (Leiden & Boston: Brill), p 59, http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geostein/docs/Steinmetz%202014%20Empires%20imperial%20states%20and%20colonies.pdf

[10] Kumar, Krishan (2017). Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press), p 16, EISBN 978-1-4008-8491-9 https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10967.pdf

[11] Sasaki 2014, p 59.

[12] Knorr, Klaus (1952). Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Arendt, Hannah (редл.). "Theories of Imperialism". World Politics. 4 (3): 402–431. doi:10.2307/2009130. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 2009130. S2CID 145320143.

[Edward_Said_1994._P._9-13] Edward W. Said. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Publishers, 1994. p. 9.

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